The king incorporated most of the region around the Black Sea into his kingdom and switched focus to the Kingdom of Cappadocia. The Pontic Kings though they claimed descent from the Persian royal house generally acted as Hellenistic kings and portrayed themselves as such in their coins, mimicking Alexander's royal stater. Mithridates or Mithradates VI Eupator (Greek: Μιθραδάτης; 135–63 BC) was ruler of the Kingdom of Pontus in northern Anatolia from 120 to 63 BC, and one of the Roman Republic's most formidable and determined opponents. A joint Pontic-Athenian naval expedition took Delos in 88 BC, and granted the city to Athens. Roman fleets in the Black Sea: mysteries of the classis Pontica Most of the western half of Pontus and the Greek cities of the coast including Sinope, was annexed directly as part of the Roman province of Bithynia et Pontus. B. C. McGing "The foreign policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus", p. 10-11. [13], Mithridates VI Eupator 'the Good Father' carried a decisive anti-Roman agenda, expounding Greek and Iranian culture against an ever expanding Roman influence. The Pontic interior also had its fertile river valleys such as the river Lycus and Iris. She married Nicomedes III of Bithynia, a traditional enemy of Pontus. After a long struggle with Rome in the Mithridatic Wars, Pontus was defeated, part of it was incorporated into the Roman Republic as the province Bithynia et Pontus and the eastern half survived as a client kingdom. In the 1st century bc it briefly contested Rome’s hegemony in Anatolia. The Kingdom of Pontus was divided into two distinct areas. Many Greek cities in Asia minor happily carried out the orders; this ensured that they could no longer return to an alliance with Rome. In 91/90 BC while Rome was busy in the Social War in Italy, Mithridates encouraged his new ally and son in law, King Tigranes the Great of Armenia to invade Cappadocia. Mithridates also intervened in Cappadocia, where his sister Laodice was queen. The royal tombs of Amasia Originally, "Pontus" was the name of the northern part of what is now called Turkey, stretching from the delta of the river Halys to the east. He was also allied with the government of Quintus Sertorius in Spain and with his help reorganized some of his troops in the Roman legionary pattern with short stabbing swords. Colchis was an important region in Black Sea trade, rich with gold, wax, hemp and honey. From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core, The Kingdom of Pontus at its height: before the reign of Mithridates VI (dark purple), after his early conquests (purple), and his conquests in the first Mithridatic wars (pink). The Cilician pirates had not been completely defeated however, and Mithridates signed an alliance with them. ", p. 133-136. In the autumn of 88 Mithridates also placed Rhodes under siege, but he failed to take it. He had to give up all lands in Galatia, and Paphlagonia he had obtained and the city of Tium, but he kept Sinope. The Roman Senate decreed that Mithridates had to withdraw from Cappadocia and Nicomedes from Paphlagonia. The coast was rich in Timber, fishing and the olive trade. Because of the heavy losses and the subsequent unrest they stirred in Asia Minor as well as the Roman army now campaigning in Bithynia, Mithridates was eventually forced to accept a peace deal. Pontus are an eastern faction, based in Asia Minor (Modern-day Turkey), having their origins with an ambitious Persian noble who siezed the area when Alexander's empire broke up. 220-198/88). Mithridates and Sulla met in 85 BC at Dardanus. Mithridates fled to Colchis, and later to his son Machares in the Crimea in 65 BC. Mithridates also allied with the newly arrived Galatians and defeated a force sent against him by Ptolemy I. Ptolemy had been expanding his territory in Asia minor since the beginning of the First Syrian war against Antiochus in the mid 270s and was allied with Mithridates' enemy, Heraclea Pontica. Pontus was a Greco - Persian kingdom on the Black Sea coast of Asia Minor, Ukraine, and the Caucasus that existed from 281 BC to 62 AD, with Amaseia and Sinope serving as its capitals. Zenon and Polemon adorned Laodicea with many dedicated offerings. during the latter half of the second century BC and first half of first century BC, died by 63 BC) was a leading military general of the King Mithridates VI of Pontus. The treaty with Sulla was not to last. Pompey now headed east into Armenia, where Tigranes submitted to him, placing his royal diadem at his feet. Omissions? The major city of the interior was Amasia, the early Pontic capital, where the Pontic kings had their Palace and royal tombs. Mithridates fled to Armenia. Meanwhile Mithridates invaded Pontus, and in 67 he defeated a large Roman force near Zela. Pontus is a non-playable faction in Rome: Total War. He also sent troops for the war against Eumenes III (Aristonicus) who had usurped the Pergamene throne after the death of Attalus III. [24] Pontic kings continued to rule the client Kingdom of Pontus, Colchis and Cilicia until Polemon II was forced to abdicate the Pontic throne by Nero in 62 AD. After he subjugated Colchis, the king of Pontus clashed for supremacy in the Pontic steppe with the Scythian King Palacus. Superficially Hellenized, the kingdom retained its Persian social structure, with temple priests and Persianized feudal nobles ruling over a heterogeneous village population. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Lucullus now faced with tired and discontent troops, withdrew to Pontus, then to Galatia and he was replaced by two new consuls arriving from Italy with fresh legions, Marcius Rex and Acilius Glabrio. These Greeks of Pontus are generally referred to as Pontic Greeks. 1986. Mithridates would retain the rest of his holdings, and become an ally of Rome.[19]. [20] In 72 BC Lucullus invaded Pontus through Galatia and marched north following the river Halys to the north coast, he invested Amisus which withstood siege until 70 BC. Archelaus (Greek: Ἀρχέλαος; fl. See more ». Mithridates then installed his eight-year-old son, Ariarathes IX of Cappadocia as king, and Gordius as regent. Lucullus laid siege to the city, and Tigranes returned with his army including large numbers of heavily armored cavalrymen termed Cataphracts, vastly outnumbering Lucullus' force. In 88 Mithridates also ordered the massacre of at least 80,000 Romans and Italians in what became known as the 'Asiatic Vespers'. Date of death uncertain, between 258-240 BC. He married Seleucus II's sister and ga… The gods of the Kingdom were mostly syncretic, with features of local gods, Persian and Greek Deities. to 64 B.C. The Kingdom of Pontus or Pontic Empire was a state of Greek and Persian origin,[1] they may even have been directly related to Darius the Great and the Achaemenid dynasty. His son Ariobarzanes II became satrap of Phrygia. By the time of Mithridates VI Eupator, Greek was the official language of the Kingdom though Anatolian languages continued to be spoken in the interior. PONTUS, a Greek word meaning “sea,” generally taken in the ancient world to refer to the Black Sea, Pontos Euxeinos, or Axeinos (Strabo 1.2.10 C21).It also came to be applied more specifically to the Hellenistic kingdom of the Mithridatid rulers that emerged … Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... …gradually absorbed by the expanding Pontic kingdom on its eastern border. THE CAMBRIDGE ANCIENT HISTORY VOLUME IX. B. C. McGing. In 74 BC Rome mobilized its armies in Asia Minor, probably provoked by some move made by Mithridates, but our sources are not clear on this. Cappadocia and Bithynia were restored to their respective monarchs, but now they faced large debts to Rome due to their bribes for the Roman senators and Nicomedes IV was eventually convinced by Aquillius to attack Pontus in order to repay them. [17], In Athens, anti-Roman elements were emboldened by the news and soon formed an alliance with Mithridates. Antigonus planned to kill Mithridates' son, also called Mithridates (later named Ktistes, 'founder') but Demetrius I warned him and he escaped to the east with six horsemen. Mithridates is believed to have been born sometime around 130 BC, and was about 13 years old when his father, Mithridates V Euergetes was assassinated. I was a Pontus fan from Rome 1 and I was very pleased. The Kingdom of Pontus or Pontic Empire was a state founded by the Persian Mithridatic dynasty, which may have been directly related to Darius the Great and the Achaemenid dynasty. The kingdom of Pontus could not be able to achieve the status of a local superpower, without conquering Cappadocia, which was a major state in eastern Anatolia44. Mithridates II received aid from Heraclea Pontica who was also at war with the Galatians at this time. The coastal region was dominated by the Greek cities such as Amastris and Sinope, the latter which became the Pontic capital after its capture. Pontus was a Hellenistic Kingdom on the southern coast of the Black Sea. [11], His successor, Mithridates V of Pontus Euergetes remained a friend of Rome and sent ships and a small force of auxiliares to aid Rome in the third Punic war in 149 BC. The cities of the Tauric Chersonesus now appealed for his aid against the Scythians in the north. The kingdom grew to its largest extent under Mithridates VI the Great, who conquered Colchis, Cappadocia, Bithynia, the Greek colonies of the Tauric Chersonesos and for a brief time the Roman province of Asia. The most important centres of Crimea, Tauric Chersonesus and the Bosporan Kingdom readily surrendered their independence in return for Mithridates' promises to protect them against the Scythians, their ancient enemies. Pharnaces also took the coastal cities of Cotyora, Pharnacia and Trapezus in the east, effectively controlling most of the northern Anatolian coastline. The Romans now began securing the coastal region of Lycia and Pamphylia from pirates and established Roman control over Pisidia and Lycaonia. The Black Sea is a body of water and marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean between Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and Western Asia. Mithridates obliged and the Romans installed Ariobarzanes in Cappadocia. There are also copper, lead, zinc and arsenic. Kingdom of Pontus was a greek empire in modern day Turkey and reached it's territorial extent under King Mithridates VI when he invaded roman territory. The river valleys of Pontus also ran parallel to the coast and were quite fertile, supporting cattle herds and millet, along with fruit trees including cherry (named for the city of Cerasus), apple and pear. He was welcomed in many cities who chafed under Roman tax farming. Pontus, ancient district in northeastern Anatolia adjoining the Black Sea. David Ulansey, "The Origins of the Mithraic Mysteries", p. 89. The Bosporan Kingdom also remained independent under Pharnaces II of Pontus as an ally and friend of Rome. Mithridates then deposed Nicomedes IV from Bithynia placing Socrates Chrestus on the throne. He marched through Boeotia which easily surrendered, and began laying siege to Athens and the Piraeus (the Athenian port city, no longer connected by the Long Walls). 1 History 2 Relationship 2.1 Friends 2.2 Enemies Was once a stronk hellenistic civilisation in what now Turkeyball. The classis Ponticas history begins with Roman annexation of Iulius Polemo II's kingdom of Pontus in 64, the year after Domitius Corbulo's armistice with the Parthians at Rhandeia established the framework for Nero's crowning the Arsacid Tiridates the Armenian king in 66. [10] Seeking to extend his influence to the north, Pharnaces allied with the cities in the Chersonesus and with other black sea cities such as Odessus on the Bulgarian coast. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Dated Regnal Year 18 = 55/56 AD. Major gods included the Persian Ahuramazda who was termed Zeus Stratios, the Moon god Men Pharnacou and Ma (interpreted as Cybele). In 71 he marched through the Iris and Lycus river valleys and established his base in Cabeira. A large force of Celts invades Greece again, destroying the Thracian kingdom and forcing the aristocracy to escape to the Greek colonies bordering the Black Sea, Pontus included. An independent Pontic kingdom with its capital at Amaseia (modern Amasya) was established at the end of the 4th century bc in the wake of Alexander’s conquests. This page was last modified on 6 June 2020, at 23:36. As the greater part of the kingdom lay within the immense region of Cappadocia, which in early ages extended from the borders of Cilicia to the Euxine (Black Sea), the kingdom as a whole was at first called 'Cappadocia by Pontus' or 'Cappadocia by the Euxine', but afterwards simply "Pontus," the name Cappadocia being henceforth restricted to the southern half of the region previously included under that title. Translate Kingdom of pontus. Even in this case, Rome did not reply to Mithridates expansion, until 97 B.C. He further expanded his kingdom to the river Sangrius in the west and his son Ariobarzanes captured Amastris in 279, its first important Black sea port. Meanwhile Mithridates had sent his son Arcathias with a large army via Thrace into Greece. Because of this it seems reasonable to assume that Pontus had some sort of control over Galatia, since Phrygia does not border Pontus directly. [16], In the summer of 89 BC, Mithridates invaded Bithynia and defeated Nicomedes and Aquillius in battle. He moved swiftly into Roman Asia and resistance crumbled; by 88 he had obtained the surrender of most of the newly created province. Mithridates now recovered Pontus while Tigranes invaded Cappadocia. Archelaus. Mithridates (spelled also as Mithradates) VI, whose full name is Mithridates VI Eupator Dionysius, was a famous king of Pontus, a Hellenistic kingdom in Asia Minor of Persian origin. See Spanish-English translations with audio pronunciations, examples, and word-by-word explanations. The foreign policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus. Mithridates also developed trade links with cities on the western Black Sea coast. Mithridates entertained ambitions of making his state the dominant power in the Black Sea and Anatolia. Mithridates went on to support Antiochus Hierax against his brother Seleucus II Callinicus. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The population was made up primarily … He took Sinope in 182 BC and though the Rhodians complained to Rome over this, nothing was done. [2], The division between coast and interior was also cultural. After Rome received the Kingdom of Pergamon from Attalus III, they turned part of it into the province of Asia, while giving the rest to loyal allied kings. Colchis was also made into a client Kingdom. Kingdom of Pontusball was founded by Persian satraps and greek generals. Text : RPC 3837: Kingdom of Pontus, Polemo II with Nero, AR Drachm. [5], The region of Pontus was originally part of the Persian Satrapy of Cappadocia (Katpatuka). He married Seleucus II's sister and gave his daughter to Antiochus III, seeking recognition for his new kingdom and to create strong ties with the Seleucid empire. Corrections? The Kingdom of Pontus or Pontic Empire was a Hellenistic state of Persian origin on the southern coast of the Black Sea.It was founded by Mithridates I in 291 BC and lasted until its conquest by the Roman Republic in 63 BC. She favored Chrestus and Mithridates VI escaped the Pontic court. Archelaus regrouped and attacked a second time at the battle of Orchomenus in 85 BC, but was once again defeated and suffered heavy losses. When the Pontic kingdom under Mithradates VI was destroyed by Pompey in 65. In the 1st century bc it briefly contested Rome’s hegemony in Anatolia. These events led Machares the son of Mithridates and ruler of the Crimean Bosporus to seek an alliance with Rome. Pontus: Hellenistic kingdom in Anatolia. The sources are silent on Pontus for the following years after the death of Mithridates II, when his son Mithridates III ruled (c. 1st century BC – died 8 BC) was the Roman Client King of Cilicia, Pontus, Colchis and the Bosporan Kingdom.Polemon was the son and heir of Zenon and possibly Tryphaena. The kingdom of Pontus was divided into districts named Eparchies. The First Mithridatic War (89–85 BC) was a war challenging the Roman Republic's expanding empire and rule over the Greek world. The Third Mithridatic war broke out when Nicomedes IV of Bithynia died without heirs in 75 and left his kingdom to Rome. Mithridates began his expansion by inheriting Lesser Armenia from king Antipater (precise date unknown, 115-106) and by conquering the Kingdom of Colchis. Polemon Pythodoros, also known as Polemon I or Polemon I of Pontus (Greek: Πολέμων Πυθόδωρος; fl. The Pontic kingdom reached its zenith under Mithradates VI Eupator (c. 115–63 bc), whose program of expansion brought him into disastrous conflict with Rome, resulting in the virtual extinction of the Pontic kingdom and its incorporation into the Roman Empire (63–62 bc). The Kingdom of Pontus (Ancient Greek: Βασιλεία τοῦ Πόντου, Basileía toû Póntou) was a Hellenistic-era kingdom, centered in the historical region of Pontus and ruled by the Mithridatic dynasty of Persian origin, which may have been directly related to Darius the Great and the Achaemenid dynasty. In 68 BC, Lucullus invaded northern Armenia, ravaging the country and captured Nisibis, but Tigranes avoided battle. Mithridates also attacked Sinopein 220 but failed to take the city. After the battle Pompey founded the city of Nicopolis. Black Sea. The so-called Second Mithridatic war ended without any territorial gains by either side. However Ariobarzanes was betrayed by his son Mithridates II of Cius. [6] Mithridates II remained as ruler after Alexander's conquests and was a vassal to Antigonus I Monophthalmus who briefly ruled Asia Minor after the Partition of Triparadisus. The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146-43 B.C. Despite Roman attempts to keep the peace, Pharnaces fought against Eumenes of Pergamon and Ariarathes of Cappadocia, while he was initially successful, it seems he was overmatched by 179 when he was forced to sign a treaty. Pontus is a medium sized regional power located along the Euxine (Black) Sea, a Persianized tribal kingdom straddling the eastern parts of Bithynia and Cappadocia rising from the fall of the Achaemenid Empire. Sulla decreed that Mithridates had to surrender Roman Asia and to give back Bithynia and Cappadocia to their former kings. When it turned out to be Pontus, people who thought it HAD to be the Seleucids got very, very angry. From 83 to 82 BC Mithridates fought against and defeated Licinius Murena who had been left by Sulla to organize the province of Asia. The interior was occupied by the Anatolian Cappadocians and Paphlagonians ruled by an Iranian aristocracy which went back to the Persian empire. [7] Mithridates first went to the city of Cimiata in Paphlagonia and later to Amasia in Cappadocia. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Meanwhile Mithridates was organizing a defense of the Crimea when his son Pharnaces revolted against him with the army, and he was forced to commit suicide or was assassinated.[23]. Seleucus was defeated in Anatolia by Hierax, Mithridates and the Galatians. [18], Sulla now headed north, seeking the fertile plains of Boeotia to supply his army. The coast was mainly Greek and focused on sea trade. The interior and eastern coast remained an independent client kingdom. Amasia became its capital city. Pharnaces II later made an attempt at reconquering Pontus. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Pontus, ancient district in northeastern Anatolia adjoining the Black Sea. [14], At the time Rome was fighting the Jugurthine and Cimbric wars. We know little of Ariobarzanes short reign, when he died his son Mithridates II (c. 250—189) became king and was attacked by the Galatians. Lucullus marched from Phrygia with his five legions and forced Mithridates to retreat back to Pontus. After Nicomedes III of Bithynia married Laodice, he tried to intervene in the region by sending troops and Mithridates swiftly invaded, placing his nephew Ariarathes VII of Cappadocia on the throne of Cappadocia. Polybius "Histories", XXIV. It also included the mountain range that is still called the Pontic Alps. An independent Pontic kingdom with its capital at Amaseia (modern Amasya) was established at the end of the 4th century bc in the wake of Alexander’s conquests. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Crook, Lintott & Rawson. At the Battle of Chaeronea, Sulla inflicted horrible casualties on Archelaus, who nevertheless retreated and continued to raid Greece with the Pontic fleet. Mithridates was killed by Antigonus in 302 BC under suspicion that he was working with his enemy Cassander. In 116 the king of Cappadocia Ariarathes VI was murdered by the Cappadocian noble Gordius at the behest of Mithridates and Laodice ruled as regent over the sons of Ariarathes until 102 BC. The kingdom of Cappadocia received Lycaonia and Mithridates received Phrygia. In 73 Mithridates invaded Bithynia and his fleet defeated the Romans off Chalcedon and laid siege to Cyzicus. Pompey pursued and managed to catch his forces by surprise in the night, the Pontic army suffered heavy casualties. Antonyms for Kingdom of Pontus. Pontus. Epigraphic evidence also shows extensive Hellenistic influence in the interior. The coastal region bordering the Black Sea was divided from the mountainous inland area by the Pontic Alps which ran parallel to the coast.
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