The official residence of the governor general, political heart of the capital, was known as the Château Saint-Louis. Québec. The king was the source of all justice and exercised supreme power by divine right. They were responsible for ensuring compliance with the law and for supervising the security of each town, notably by maintaining its fortifications. He appointed a governor and an an intendant to manage the colony. It also shows how the absolute nature of royal power was mitigated in practice. Beginning in 1789, the revolution saw the French people overthrow their absolute monarchy and bring about a republic that was based on the principles of equality, liberty and fraternity. Montréal/Kingston, McGill/Queen’s University Press, 2003. New France to flourish. Each town governor was seconded by a garrison staff consisting of a lieutenant du roi or king’s lieutenant, a town major and a deputy major. Québec, Presses de l’Université Laval, 2008. The English colonists, on the other hand, enjoyed far more freedom and were able to govern themselves as long as they followed English law and were loyal to the king. Many times over, people sang Te Deum, a hymn of praise to the glory of the monarch. We have seen that the Sovereign Council was gradually dispossessed of its political functions. The envoy, Guillaume Lemoine, who presented his credentials to Government House last week. Ottawa, Société historique du Canada, 1990. The year 1663 was a pivotal year in the history of governance in New France. Acadia, Louisiana, and the towns of Trois-Rivières and Montreal had their own particular governors. It would be an exaggeration to claim that town governments ignored orders from the capital entirely, but it can certainly be said that their relations varied depending on the military context and the attitude of the specific personalities in office. Each was led by a gouverneur particulier, a “town” or “regional” governor who answered to the governor general at Québec. Our experts can answer your tough homework and study questions. there is no doubt the united states would have been granted thier independence without a war. The Charter of the Company of 100 Associates (1627-1663) was cancelled because it had defaulted on its promise to transport thousands of settlers to New France, and the colony now came under the king's … Since the king was the source of all power, relationships of subordination created a stream of loyalties that bound the monarch to the humblest of his subjects. In this colony, seized from and restored three times to France, the seigneurs held few powers, and the Church, with its network of fledgling parishes, was not able to ensure real supervision. 40 p. Crowley, Terry. What did France expect to happen in New France with the establishment of the fur trade? The positions of aldermen and trustees alike were thus abolished once and for good in Montreal in 1674, and in Quebec and Trois-Rivières in 1677. In contrast to the situation in France, riots caused by famine, for instance, seldom occurred in the colony. 319 p. Blais, Christian et al. Besieged in 1745 then returned to France under treaty, Louisbourg fell into English hands again in 1758, a heavy loss that prefigured the end of New France. In 18th century New France, the captain of the militia was the link between settlers and the authorities. A new government From 1663, New France had a new government. The trusteeships were abolished in 1662 and briefly replaced by a mayor and two aldermen the following year, only to be reinstated shortly thereafter by the new Sovereign Council. As in France, there was nothing resembling a democratic system of government in the colony. In contrast to the notables of the colony, common folk – the habitants – never possessed a forum where they could freely express their point of view to the authorities. Portrait of Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil. Until the British Conquest of 1760, merchants periodically initiated assemblies to propose ways of facilitating trade and the movement of goods and people, and to express their broader views on ongoing economic, political and military affairs. 432 p. From the Middle Ages to the Age of Discovery, French Colonial Expansion and Franco-Amerindian Alliances, Médard Chouart Des Groseilliers 1654-1660, René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle 1670-1687, Louis-Armand de Lom d’Arce, baron Lahontan 1684-1689, Antoine Laumet dit de Lamothe Cadillac 1694-1701, Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de La Vérendrye 1732-1739, Relationship between the governor and the intendant. The new company acquired seigneurial rights over New France, perceived at the time as an immense territory extending from Newfoundland to the Great Lakes and from Florida to the North Pole. What did registration entail? Montréal, Hurtubise-HMH, 2003. Most administrative and religious institutions were based at Québec, the capital of the colony. In a New France far from Versailles, these highly dramatized ceremonies provided inhabitants with a concrete demonstration of royal authority. Québec, Publications du Québec, 2008. The Sovereign Council of New France thus lost its power to scrutinize legislation and was reduced to registering and applying it. The main issue involved the governor’s spending powers and the intendant’s responsibility for monitoring the budget. The Superior Council, together with minor civil servants, and in the rural parishes, militia officers, took part in the administration of Canada. The same process occurred in Louisiana during summer, while the town governor left the capital of New Orleans to meet with his Aboriginal allies in Mobile. Such was not the case in New France. They possessed extensive powers to do so. On the other hand, the French colonies of the Caribbean had governments equipped with an independent administration that was directly answerable to the Secretary of State for the Navy. The lack of supervision compelled intendants to frequently repeat their ordinances to ensure compliance. Whether the assemblies were urban or rural, representation was not proportional to the total population of the community. It was at Château Saint-Louis that the seigneurs had to swear fealty and pay homage to the king, before the governor and the intendant, to be allowed to take possession of their seigneurie. To have the force of law in France, an ordinance had to be published at a sitting of parliament and transcribed in specific registers. This situation arose because of the challenges posed to communications by distance and long winters that interrupted contact between Québec and the other Atlantic colonies. It drew on practices in use in other European countries, notably Holland. Royal power was further weakened because the presence of institutions was not at all consistent from one region to the next. Located on Île Royale (now Cape Breton Island) it was at the forefront of France’s efforts to contain the expansion of the British colonies in the 18th century. Spain's mission to build an empire in the New World began with the expeditions of a Genoan seafarer named Christopher Columbus (1451–1506), who convinced the Spanish royalty he could find a western route across the Atlantic Ocean to the Indies (Asia). The French established colonies throughout the Caribbean basin including Guiana on the northern coast of South America, Louisiana (1682) and, to a lesser extent, Florida. They had to make shared decisions for the good of the colony. By means of these ongoing and costly additions and renovations, the governors aimed to create a reflection of the splendour and prestige of their position. Or, since the fur trade in New France was closely tied to diplomacy with Native peoples, the governor sometimes claimed prerogatives in trade that encroached upon those of the intendant. A former intendant of the French province of Hainaut, Talon was given the title of “Intendant of Justice, Police and Finances of Canada, Acadia and Newfoundland”. not old enough to rember by physical prescence. Havard, Gilles et Cécile Vidal. While the position of governor crowned a long military career, that of intendant usually represented a colonial digression that allowed the holder to aspire to promotion in the home country. In 1663, Louis XIV took control of New France away from the company and made it a royal province governed by the Crown. The Lost Colony of Roanoke - background and first attempts. The year 1663 also marked the founding of the Sovereign Council of New France, a court of appeal for civil and criminal matters.It was granted extensive legislative and judicial powers. Beginning in the era of the Cent-Associés, the king would appoint a governor to represent him in New France, just as he did in the provinces of the home country. As with the governor, however, the considerable extent of the intendant’s powers did not make him all-powerful. Such consultative mechanisms would disappear in the early 18th century. Generally, these representatives were military officers, though missionaries also relayed news from the state and served as its ambassadors. It was destroyed during the attempted American invasion of 1775. In the 18th century, the regulations prohibiting trade with foreigners gave rise to widespread smuggling with New England. The councillors of parliament then validated the legality and fairness of the ordinance and if they had any remonstrances to formulate, they could address them to the king. Jean Talon was the first intendant of New France. 271 p. Richet, Denis. In 1730, major celebrations were organized at Québec and at Louisbourg to honour the birth of the son of Louis XV. Faience plate with arms of St. Ovide de Brouillant. With the exception of the last, Pierre François de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal, who was born in Canada, the governors were always French-born men, recruited from the old noblesse d’épée (“nobility of the sword”). In terms of provisioning, the task of the town governors was also to ensure that the troops received adequate rations, munitions and tools. It also promoted access to land holdings by supervising land development and compliance with the rules of the seigneurial system. While there would never be any permanent representative institutions in New France, notable men nevertheless had at their disposal, over the decades, a variety of courts before which they expressed their grievances. However, during the last third of the 17th century, the crown took over the administration of the colony, instituting tighter control and stability. Earlier, the intendants lived in a house located beside the Séminaire de Québec, in the most eastern part of upper town. Town governors, thus, were the commanding officer responsible for each of the fortified and garrisoned cities of New France: Québec, Trois-Rivières, Montréal, Louisbourg and New Orleans. In rural areas, it is nonetheless true, peasants could apply to the intendant for permission to assemble. 188 p. Saint-Hilaire, Marc et al. With the founding of Louisiana and Île Royale, more new governments were established which would require the creation of parallel structures. Since the right of assembly did not exist under the Ancien Régime, all gatherings had to be authorized in advance by the authorities, who were in no way obligated to rule in favour of such requests. In the early 17th century, the king did not yet directly govern his colonies. A letter from Louisiana could take as much as nine months to reach the St. Lawrence Valley. The brewery, closed since 1675 and rented by the king to store merchandise, was renovated and expanded to house future intendants and to centralize all the functions of intendancy under the same roof. The Palace of 1726 had the appearance of a veritable château with its two storeys, monumental entrance and vast gardens. – Grenier, Benoit, « Pouvoir et contre-pouvoir dans le monde rural laurentien aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles : sonder les limites de l’arbitraire seigneurial », p. 143-163. It was the seat of the governor general, the intendant, the Sovereign Council as well asthe bishop. Yet this power proved short-lived because as early as 1673, a royal declaration withdrew the right of remonstrance from French parliaments. Les traces de la Nouvelle-France au Québec et en Poitou-Charente. French and Dutch exploration in the New World. He sailed west in 1492 and six months later landed on islands in the Caribbean Sea. The three colonies that made up New France further corresponded to five governments: Québec, Trois-Rivières, Montréal, Louisiana and Acadia. On a fouillé le passé ! Earn Transferable Credit & Get your Degree, Get access to this video and our entire Q&A library. In 1524 Giovanni da Verrazzano followed the eastern shore of America from Florida to Newfoundland. Lastly, he was responsible for the management of the territory and granting seigneuries. Although this did not protect the colony against personality clashes between the men who occupied them, it at least prevented the types of conflict that had paralyzed colonial political life at certain periods in the 17thcentury. Those who were appointed to New France were also career officers who had been in the metropolitan army, the navy or the colonial troops. Quatre siècles d’une capitale. The colony was now being run by two men: – a governor, who dealt mainly with the army – an intendant, who handled justice and the economy. It was kept under constant surveillance by a military guard, a symbol of the governor’s rank and power. Introduction (show) As it colonized New France, France transplanted its form of government: absolute monarchy. The controller general function is a key position, similar to that of the interior ministry, since it is responsible for finances and the appointment of intendants of the provinces. © copyright 2003-2021 Study.com. After the death of Champlain, his successor Huault de Montmagny replaced this fort with a massive stone building that would become the first Château Saint-Louis and house the governors until the arrival of governor Louis de Buade de Frontenac in 1672. The senior official was the governor, appointed by the king. Columbus mistakenly concluded he had reached the Indies and brought news of his new route back to Spain. 692 p. Coates, Colin M. « La mise en scène du pouvoir : la préséance en Nouvelle-France », Bulletin d’histoire politique, 14, 1 (2005), p. 109-118. The work of the intendant in this field included sanitation, health, public security, roadways and fire prevention. Since New France was an old order society, and thus particularly sensitive to hierarchy, the precedence of the governor over the intendant was a source of conflicts that the king sometimes had to mediate. There was also a governor for military matters. france … View of the Town of Louisbourg Taken from the Port, 1731, by Verrier Son. In new France coffee became popular in the 18 century. PAPUA New Guinea has welcomed the new France Ambassador to PNG. La France moderne : l’esprit des institutions. Each of these colonies was equipped with a similar administration, including a Superior Council, a governor, an intendant (or ”commissaire ordonnateur” in Louisiana and in Acadia) and various courts and administrative services. Les Français en Amérique du Nord xviie-xviiie siècles, p. 103 [translation]). No, the colony had few settlers and still relied on supplies from France for survival. The young king Louis XIV demanded that the Compagnie des Cent-Associés relinquish its position because it had proven unable to administer the colony and had not honoured its obligation to colonize the settlement. While Québec was the official political seat of the colony, it was not the sole seat of power. The situation was complicated during the 1650s by the destruction of Huronia, which dismantled the French trading network and caused fur supplies to dwindle. Acceding to the throne in 1661, Louis XIV went to great lengths to strip the old nobility of its political powers. He managed the budget, controlled spending (including military spending) and fixed currency rates and the price of commodities (wheat, meat). Jacques Cartier then made three voya… A French noble, he was appointed to govern the colonies of New France, which included Canada, Acadia and Louisiana. In New France, it was the governor and the intendant who governed, which inspired historians to speak of a two-headed government. The following text from Marie-Ève Ouellet presents a portrait of the colonial administration, describing its structure and the way it worked. Militia captains were responsible for distributing among the inhabitants the burdencorvéeor statute labour, the billeting of soldiers and the collection of wheat in the event of shortages. – Ouellet, Marie-Eve, « Structures et pratiques dans l’historiographie de l’État en Nouvelle-France », p. 37-49. Upon the Conquest, the Intendant’s Palace was used to lodge British troops. England in the Age of Exploration. He realized the benefits of branching out from the single focus of furs to lumbering, mining, fishing, manufacturing and trade with the West Indies and was determined to make the colony self supporting. The fall of New France. Since the Middle Ages, peasant communities throughout France customarily elected representatives to address collective issues and to promote their interests before the authorities. The fur trade was so unprofitable it could barely meet the needs of the colony. Initially, the captain of the militia was a settler appointed by the intendant to take charge of the recruitment and training of militiamen. Portrait of Jacques-René de Brisay, Marquis de Denonville, before 1710, Anonymous. In the 18thcentury, the Superior Council became nothing more than a court of appeal for civil and criminal matters. New France was placed under the absolute rule of the King of France. In summer, the governor and the intendant set up offices in Montréal to receive First Nations ambassadors from the interior and to manage affairs concerning trade and commerce. The king was the source of all justice and exercised supreme power by divine right. They had two main holidays Christmas and Easter. Frequent wars generated insecurity and political instability. This system of defence, which extended over a wide swath of North America, evolved according to the strategic considerations and geopolitical context of the wars that pitted the French against Aboriginal and Anglo-American adversaries. Appointed by the President of the Republic (Head of State), the Prime Minister is the Head of Government. Montreal Island: transition from feudal justice to royal justice The Island of Montreal was a special case because its judiciary had been previously held by the Society of St-Sulpice.
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